Author：Chiu-Chung Young^1,*, Hsin-I Huang², Shih-Yao Lin³, Yu-Weng Lin⁴

Abstract：

    The experimental plot of this research project has been cultivated by the upland and lowland rotational system over 20 years since 1995, and the management strategy of the field fertilization has been carried out in various treatments (fertilizer, compost, green manure, peat and control group) by RCBD design. Soil sample was collected and analysed at different growth stages. The results of carbon source utilization test showed that the number of slow-growing microbial populations in Compost + 2/3N group was higher than that in other treatments, while the number of fast-growing microbial populations was less than other treatments. The microbial activity and diversity were lowest in chemical fertilizers treatment. The full-length sequencing and analysis results of PacBio 16S rDNA showed that the composition of the microorganisms was more affected by the crop than the treatment. The Chao 1 value of the Control group was greatly affected by the sampling time. In Maize, the Shannon values of the treatments were different, and the differences in the treatments in the rice field sample were small. The Shannon values of the Chemical fertilizer groups varied the most with the sampling time, and the Compost + 2/3N group were the second. The Principal Component Analysis shows that the samples are roughly divided into two groups according to the crop type, which is similar to the UPGMA results, but the difference in the microbial diversity of each treatment during the maize tillering period is biger. The weighted beta-diversity showed that the Control and Compost + 1/3N had higher biodiversity. GM +1/3N and Peat + 1/3N had higher similarity. The OTU heatmap shows that the relative abundance of biodiversity in the soil samples in maize is significantly higher than that in the rice. In the rice and maize yields, the Control group had the lowest production, the Chemical fertilizers and Compost +1/3N had a higher production and the yields of the two gropus were close ; the maize production was similar to rice.

Keywords：Rice, Maize, Water and drought rotation, Microbes, Nitrogen fixation activity, Microbial population, Biodiversity, PacBio.

* Corresponding author, e-mail: ccyoung@mail.nchu.edu.tw
¹ Professor, Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC. Academician of the Academia Sinica.
² Researcher Assistant, Department of Soil and Environmental Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.
³ Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Soil and Environmental Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.
⁴ Associate Researcher, Agricultural Chemistry Division, Taiwan Agriculture Research Institute, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.

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